My last post was supposed to be about ignorance and somehow I wandered off into a story about my youthful skirmishes with the invisible cloud-daddy, but hey, at least I wrote something. I’ll try to stay on point this time. No guarantees, though.
I just finished reading a collection of essays on ignorance, edited by Robert N. Proctor and Linda Schiebinger. It’s titled Agnotology [The Making and Unmaking of Ignorance]. It details some of the many and varied forms that ignorance takes, under three very broad distinctions: ignorance as native state, ignorance as lost realm, and ignorance as strategic ploy.
The first category, ignorance as native state, is simply the “place where knowledge has not yet penetrated.” We all begin life as an empty vessel. This is an innocent ignorance from which we spend our lives escaping. (Most of us anyway.) Individual recognition of this lack of knowledge is the Socratic ignorance I mentioned in my last post. It would seem that this type of ignorance could be easily remedied, given our access to the intertoobz, but maybe not:
Technologies can cause the proliferation of ignorance: the public seems to be awakening to the fact that in the midst of the “information” explosion, there has been an “ignorance” explosion as well … The internet has certainly fostered the spread of fictions along with facts.
Don’t I know it. If the billionaires over at Google ever come up with a bullshit filter, they’ll make some serious money.
Ignorance as lost realm is also often innocent in nature, as when knowledge once gained is abandoned for more modern or more useful information, or when it takes the form of specialization. There is simply too much information available for us to absorb it all. We routinely, and necessarily, sacrifice breadth of learning for depth of understanding in order to produce expertise. But ignorance as lost realm can be far from innocent, as when knowledge already gained is deliberately withheld, or the pursuit of knowledge in certain areas is discouraged for reasons of ideology or secrecy. Military secrecy for instance:
Contemplate these numbers: about five times as many pages are being added to the classified universe than are being brought to the storehouses of human learning, including all the books and journals on any subject in any language collected in the largest repositories on the planet.
That’s downright scary, isn’t it? Then there’s the systematic suppression of knowledge and study of the clitoris and the female orgasm as detailed in one of these essays. I always thought it was just me, but apparently nobody knows anything about that damn thing. I didn’t even know how much I didn’t know. I definitely need to study this subject more closely.
But the worst, the absolute worst is the third category: ignorance as strategic ploy, agnogenesis. Two of my most despised adversaries — mythologists and global warming deniers — employ these methods as a primary line of defense. The religious embrace ignorance in order to deny reality and resist the advance of science:
Here a religious agnotology is advocated in which we are urged to recognize our ignorance as a fundamental limitation on human experience, and we are urged not to intervene in matters where only God has knowledge.
In summary, religious agnotology expresses the view that life is too complex for humans to understand and that science and technology will lead to disaster because of the hubris involved in attempting to improve on God’s creation.
At least they are predictable. When facts get in the way of their ideology, they simply dismiss the facts using any means available to deny the truth. They’ve been doing it for centuries. Nothing new there.
The more insidious users of this methodology, though, are our modern capitalists. An entire industry has grown and flourished around the manufacture of uncertainty, the intentional creation of ignorance by attacking science and scientists solely for the purpose of protecting corporate profits. The book does a good job of chronicling how the purveyors of misinformation got their start in the tobacco industry’s decades-long campaign to deny smoking causes cancer. They lost that battle, but they perfected their craft and carried it over into every aspect of modern “product defense.”
They are at their most contemptible in their assault on global warming science. The strategy mostly involves paying their own “scientists” to contradict the global scientific consensus, and then demanding equal time for this tiny minority viewpoint from a complacent media. The media, naively seeking balance, helps create a controversy where none truly exists. Truth becomes malleable, and ignorance reigns, all in the name of the “free market.”
The great economist John Maynard Keynes famously noted that there is no free lunch. The western world has experienced 150 years of unprecedented prosperity built by tapping the energy stored in fossil fuels. That was our lunch. Global warming is the bill.
Overall, Agnotology is a very interesting read, though much of it reads like a textbook. And rightly so. It should be required reading for all current and future journalists and science writers.